基于磁混凝沉淀工藝的高濃度非穩(wěn)態(tài)含磷廢水處理效能與調(diào)控機制研究
趙安然1，高熙陽2，李寧2，馬洪璐3，陳北洋1*
（1. 華電水務(wù)科技股份有限公司，北京；2. 華電水務(wù)秦皇島有限公司，秦皇島；3. 華電水務(wù)（天津）有限公司，天津）
摘要：針對某市政污水處理廠進水中工業(yè)廢水占比高、總磷濃度波動大（1-23 mg/L）的突出問題，本研究構(gòu)建深度處理強化除磷系統(tǒng)，采用“平流式二沉池+一體化集成式磁混凝沉淀系統(tǒng)”技術(shù)路線，通過優(yōu)化磁粉、混凝劑及助凝劑的投加量，實現(xiàn)了出水總磷穩(wěn)定達到0.3 mg/L以下，優(yōu)于設(shè)計出水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（0.5 mg/L）。運行結(jié)果表明，該工藝對高濃度非穩(wěn)態(tài)含磷廢水具有顯著處理效果，總磷去除率提升10%以上，具有抗沖擊負(fù)荷能力強（可承受1.5倍設(shè)計流量）、占地面積�。ㄝ^常規(guī)工藝減少40%）、啟動快（調(diào)試周期≤7天）等技術(shù)優(yōu)勢。經(jīng)濟效益分析顯示，系統(tǒng)的單位水處理成本大約為0.2元/m³。其中，藥劑費用為0.158元/m³，較傳統(tǒng)工藝的藥劑成本降低60%；電耗費用約為0.05元/m³。本研究系統(tǒng)闡述了工藝設(shè)計參數(shù)、改造方案及調(diào)試要點，創(chuàng)新性地采用SV泥位自動檢測儀實現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)控制，解決了傳統(tǒng)超聲波污泥界面計運行不穩(wěn)定的問題。研究成果為污水處理廠提標(biāo)改造提供了技術(shù)參考，對推動污水處理行業(yè)減污降碳協(xié)同增效具有積極意義。
關(guān)鍵詞：磁混凝沉淀、高濃度含磷廢水、非穩(wěn)態(tài)進水、除磷效能、模塊化集成、
運行調(diào)控、污水處理
Abstract: In response to the prominent issues of high industrial wastewater proportion and significant fluctuations in total phosphorus (TP) concentration (1-23 mg/L) in the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, this study constructed an advanced treatment system for enhanced phosphorus removal. The technical approach of "horizontal flow secondary sedimentation tank + integrated magnetic coagulation sedimentation system" was adopted. By optimizing the dosage of magnetic powder, coagulant , and flocculant , the effluent TP was consistently maintained below 0.3 mg/L, surpassing the designed effluent standard (0.5 mg/L). Operational results demonstrate that this process exhibits remarkable treatment efficiency for high-concentration non-steady-state phosphorus-containing wastewater, with a total phosphorus removal rate improvement exceeding 10%. The system demonstrates technical advantages including strong resistance to shock loads (capable of withstanding 1.5 times the design flow rate), compact footprint (40% reduction compared to conventional processes), and rapid start-up (commissioning period ≤ 7 days). Economic analysis indicates that the unit water treatment cost of the system is approximately 0.2 CNY/m³. Specifically, chemical costs amount to 0.158 CNY/m³, representing a 60% reduction compared to traditional processes, while electricity consumption costs are around 0.05 CNY/m³. This study systematically elaborates on process design parameters, retrofit solutions, and commissioning essentials, innovatively employing SV sludge level detectors for precise control, effectively addressing the operational instability issues of traditional ultrasonic sludge interface detectors. The research outcomes provide technical references for wastewater treatment plant upgrade projects and contribute positively to promoting synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the wastewater treatment industry.
Key words: Magnetic coagulation sedimentation, High-concentration phosphorus-containing wastewater, Non-steady-state influent, Phosphorus removal efficiency, Modular integration, Commissioning, Wastewater treatment
0 引言
隨著我國工業(yè)化和城市化的快速推進，全國污水排放量增速迅猛。根據(jù)我國住房城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部發(fā)布的《2023年中國城市建設(shè)狀況公報》及《2023年城市建設(shè)統(tǒng)計年鑒》，截至2023年底，我國城市污水排放總量達到了660.5億立方米，污水處理總量達到了651.9億立方米，污水處理率高達98.69%。在2018-2023年期間，污水排放總量和污水處理總量年均增長率分別為4.6%和5.3%[1]。在污水排放中，過量的磷元素是引發(fā)水體富營養(yǎng)化的關(guān)鍵因素之一，嚴(yán)重威脅著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和水資源的可持續(xù)利用�！冻擎�(zhèn)污水處理廠污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB 18918-2002）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在全國廣泛執(zhí)行，其中一級A標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的污水處理廠出水總磷濃度排放限值為0.5mg/L。部分經(jīng)濟相對發(fā)達且對生態(tài)環(huán)境期望值高的地區(qū)，結(jié)合區(qū)域水環(huán)境特征，制定并執(zhí)行了更為嚴(yán)格的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對出水總磷的管控日益嚴(yán)格。例如，北京市地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠水污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（DB11/890-2012）中A標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定，新（改、擴）建城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠出水總磷不得超過0.2mg/L；天津市地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《污水綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（DB11/356-2018）則規(guī)定，一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的出水總磷需低于0.3mg/L。
